希格斯玻色子｜上帝粒子 The Higgs Boson

八卦谈佚名 ▪ 2023-04-22 21:15:45

The Higgs Boson

希格斯玻色子｜上帝粒子

Right after the Big Bang, starting from zero, the energy density was so high that it exceeded the vacuum expectation value for the Higgs field, resulting in a valid symmetrical standard model without the presence of mass at all. The Higgs field grew as the universe cooled down and the symmetry was broken and particular particles started to gain mass. The basic foundation of the Higgs field is that particles that interact with the Higgs field actually gain their mass. The more interaction with the field, the more mass the particle obtains. There are particles like quarks, a heavy elementary particle, and neutrinos, a massless particle that does not interact with the Higgs field at all. The Higgs Boson, a quantum fluctuation, is the media or associated particle in the Higgs field. The Higgs field, like any other fundamental field, is a quantum field which in theory spreads out throughout the universe universally.

大爆炸之后，从零开始，能量密度如此之高，以至于超过了希格斯场的真空期望值，从而产生了一个有效的对称标准模型，根本不存在质量。希格斯场随着宇宙冷却而增长，对称性被打破，特定粒子开始获得质量。希格斯场的基本基础是与希格斯场相互作用的粒子实际上获得了质量。与场的相互作用越多，粒子获得的质量就越大。有像夸克这样的粒子，一种重基本粒子和中微子，一种完全不与希格斯场相互作用的无质量粒子。希格斯玻色子是一种量子涨落，是希格斯场中的介质或相关粒子。希格斯场与任何其他基本场一样，是一个理论上遍布宇宙的量子场。

The Higgs field theory is not an unfamiliar concept in the field of physics and accordingly the existence of the Higgs boson has been long predicted. Physicists have long been perplexed by the mysterious, basic physical feature of matter: mass. Mass, a fundamental quantity, can be described as the quantitative measurement of inertia, or the resistance a matter provides when it comes to a change in motion. For a long time, physicists have had no idea how mass fits into the quantum physics equation, which is perfectly symmetrical and mathematically elegant before taking mass into account. After scientists started to understand unification of weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force as early as 1960, scientists believed the two forces are the same thing but it didn't make sense until the Higgs field was proposed by theorists Peter Higgs, Robert Brout, and François Englert. The Higgs boson was named after Peter Higgs, who won the Nobel Prize along with Francois Englert for their works on the Higgs boson. Initially, the theory of the Higgs field only gave mass to particles that transmit the weak force (like W and Z bosons), but not to the particles that transmit electromagnetic force (like photons that are also a boson). Although they have not directly observed W and Z bosons, physicists know that W and Z bosons can not be massless or otherwise beta decay would be happening at an infinite rate. Not long after the proposal of the Higgs field, the Higgs field theory also extended to other particles in the standard model like quarks and leptons (particles that actually make up matter). Quarks and leptons are fermions, not bosons, which have different amounts of spin.

希格斯场论在物理学界并不是一个陌生的概念，因此希格斯玻色子的存在早已被预言。长期以来，物理学家一直对物质神秘的基本物理特征感到困惑：质量。质量是一个基本量，可以描述为惯性的定量测量，或者当涉及到运动变化时物质提供的阻力。很长一段时间以来，物理学家一直不知道质量如何适应量子物理方程，在考虑质量之前，它是完美对称且数学上优雅的。早在 1960 年科学家们开始理解弱核力和电磁力的统一之后，科学家们认为这两种力是一回事，但直到理论家彼得·希格斯、罗伯特·布劳特和弗朗索瓦提出希格斯场才有意义恩格勒特。希格斯玻色子以彼得·希格斯命名，他与弗朗索瓦·恩格勒特一起因在希格斯玻色子上的研究而获得诺贝尔奖。最初，希格斯场理论仅将质量赋予传递弱力的粒子（如 W 和 Z 玻色子），而不赋予传递电磁力的粒子（如也是玻色子的光子）。虽然他们没有直接观察到 W 和 Z 玻色子，但物理学家知道 W 和 Z 玻色子不可能是无质量的，否则 β 衰变将以无限的速度发生。在希格斯场提出后不久，希格斯场理论也扩展到标准模型中的其他粒子，如夸克和轻子（实际上构成物质的粒子）。夸克和轻子是费米子，而不是玻色子，它们具有不同的自旋量。

After more than fifty years of research, the Higgs boson was discovered for the first time in ATLAS and CMS experiments in CERN on 4 July 2012. The finding was very encouraging since the finding of Higgs bosons was very difficult. The basic idea is to shoot two particles and make them collide with each other violently, resulting in a jiggle in the ocean of the proposed Higgs field that is pervasive though the whole universe. Therefore, a droplet of Higgs field, the Higgs boson, would appear every so often. The Higgs boson is an ephemeral particle, decaying into lighter particles immediately after it is produced, making it especially hard to trace and requiring substantial statistical evidence that matches the signature in order to prove it. Furthermore, there is no other way apart from direct observation to validate the Higgs field because of its non-zero value. There is no way to control the Higgs field like we can turn on the electromagnetic field and observe how particles similar to photons interact with it. It is so hard that Stephen Hawking actually bet 100 dollars that we will never be able to find the Higgs boson.

经过五十多年的研究，希格斯玻色子于 2012 年 7 月 4 日在欧洲核子研究中心的 ATLAS 和 CMS 实验中首次被发现。这一发现非常令人鼓舞，因为希格斯玻色子的发现非常困难。基本思想是发射两个粒子并使它们相互剧烈碰撞，从而在整个宇宙中普遍存在的希格斯场的海洋中产生摇晃。因此，一滴希格斯场，希格斯玻色子，会不时出现。希格斯玻色子是一种短暂的粒子，在产生后立即衰变为较轻的粒子，使其特别难以追踪，并且需要与签名匹配的大量统计证据才能证明这一点。此外，由于其非零值，除了直接观察之外没有其他方法可以验证希格斯场。没有办法控制希格斯场，就像我们可以打开电磁场并观察类似于光子的粒子如何与它相互作用一样。史蒂芬霍金居然赌上 100 美元，我们永远无法找到希格斯玻色子，这太难了。

The discovery of the Higgs boson is a big step toward a more complete understanding of the standard model, the basic principle behind mass, and the unification of fundamental forces. In an interview, Rebeca Gonzalez Suarez describes the significance of the discovery as “the first and only elementary scalar particle we have observed.” Specifically, the Higgs boson is the first and only elementary scalar particle, which has no quantum spin and direction. In addition, the existence of the Higgs boson tells us that a perfect vacuum is not empty, and particles and antiparticles would exist shortly before the annihilation and then transform into energy, indicating the Higgs field actually has a high vacuum expectation value. Moreover, the article Exploring new ways to see the Higgs boson suggests that the Higgs boson, in theory, might be one of the first hand indications of dark matter, since the standard model has predicted that the Higgs boson may be able to transform into dark matter or at least lead us to perceive the true nature of dark matter.

希格斯玻色子的发现是朝着更完整地理解标准模型、质量背后的基本原理以及基本力的统一迈出的一大步。在一次采访中，丽贝卡·冈萨雷斯·苏亚雷斯将这一发现的重要性描述为“我们观察到的第一个也是唯一一个基本标量粒子”。具体来说，希格斯玻色子是第一个也是唯一一个基本标量粒子，它没有量子自旋和方向。此外，希格斯玻色子的存在告诉我们，一个完美的真空不是空的，粒子和反粒子在湮灭前不久就会存在，然后转化为能量，说明希格斯场实际上具有很高的真空期望值。此外，探索观察希格斯玻色子的新方法一文表明，理论上，希格斯玻色子可能是暗物质的第一手迹象之一，因为标准模型已经预测希格斯玻色子可能能够转变为暗物质。物质，或者至少让我们了解暗物质的真实本质。

There are still many mysteries that the scientists have questions about. For example, scientists have wondered whether the Higgs field is going to stay stable or is going to change again, leading to so-called “vacuum decay.” Furthermore, the role the Higgs field played in breaking the symmetrical quantum equation might explain why there is much more matter than antimatter. That is why scientists have proposed an even larger collider than the one in CERN, the biggest large hadron collider nowadays, to create more Higgs bosons, a “Higgs factory” in order to study its properties and search for signs that are beyond our standard model. The electron-positron “Higgs factory” would be an ambitious start for the future European circular collider, and the Higgs factory is going to be the first priority after the LHC. According to an article European Strategy Prioritizes Higgs Factors, unlike hadron colliders that focu on high-energy collisions to find new particles and forces, electron-positron colliders would provide a more precise picture of the Higgs boson’s properties because it collides point-like particles together and get an annihilation that is clean and relatively simple to distinguish.

科学家们仍有许多谜团有疑问。例如，科学家们想知道希格斯场是会保持稳定还是会再次发生变化，从而导致所谓的“真空衰变”。此外，希格斯场在打破对称量子方程中所起的作用可以解释为什么物质比反物质多得多。这就是为什么科学家们提出了一个比欧洲核子研究中心更大的对撞机——当今最大的大型强子对撞机——来创造更多的希格斯玻色子，一个“希格斯工厂”，以研究它的特性并寻找超出我们标准模型的迹象.正负电子“希格斯工厂”将是未来欧洲圆形对撞机的一个雄心勃勃的开端，而希格斯工厂将成为 LHC 之后的首要任务。根据一篇欧洲战略优先考虑希格斯因子的文章，与专注于高能碰撞以寻找新粒子和力的强子对撞机不同，正负电子对撞机将提供更精确的希格斯玻色子特性图，因为它将点状粒子碰撞在一起并得到一个干净且相对容易区分的歼灭。

Therefore, the Higgs boson and the proposed Higgs factory might be one of the most promising, potential keys for a future breakthrough in the area of particle physics.

因此，希格斯玻色子和拟建的希格斯工厂可能是粒子物理学领域未来突破最有希望的潜在关键之一。

作者：627

Bibliography

https://home.cern/science/physics/higgs-boson