（翻译）德意志战鹰利刃——MG151/20机炮（战争雷霆百科）

该条目最后一次编辑时间为2022年9月26日21：48，本文翻译结束时间为2022年10月3日

初次翻译且水平有限，仅保证大意与原文相同，因此在译文下同时保留原文供参考及斧正

1.简介

毛瑟 20mm MG151/20机炮是一种德国20mm航炮，在经过战斗评估证明更大的高爆弹比高速炮弹更有效后，由15mm MG151/15改装而来。

The Mauser 20 mm MG 151/20 is a German 20 mm aircraft cannon converted from the 15 mm MG 151/15 cannon to a 20 mm after combat evaluation proved a larger high-explosive shell to be more effective than a high-velocity shell.

    1.1装备有此机炮的载具

2.总体信息

     20mm MG151拥有700发/分钟的射速。出于不错的弹道，此机炮的精准度尚可。

  The 20 mm MG 151 has a fire rate of 700 rounds per minute. The gun is reasonably accurate with decent shell trajectory.

    2.1 可用弹药

       MG151 关键特征是其特制的薄壳高爆弹。这种弹药的外壳由一层薄钨制成以容纳更多的装药（通常比一般高爆弹多50%），因此它在对抗敌方飞机上极其有效。

    The key features of the MG 151 is the special Minengeschoß (lit. "mine shell") high-explosive ammunition. This Minengeschoß round was specifically made with a thin tungsten casing to contain more explosive filler (usually 50% more than regular HE shell) and thus were extremely effective against enemy aircraft.

        2.1.1 飞机

        默认(default):IT · IT · APHE · HEI

        通用(universal): IT · HEI · HEI · AP-I

        对空(air targets): AP-I · HEI · HEI · HEI · HEI · IT

        穿甲(armoured targets) : APHE · APHE · APHE · IT

        曳光(tracers): FI-T · FI-T · FI-T · IT · IT

        匿踪(stealth): HEI · HEI · HEI · APHE · AP-I

        默认（炮塔）: IT · HEI · APHE · AP-I

        穿甲（炮塔）: AP-I · AP-I · APHE · IT · AP-I

        通用（炮塔） IT · HEI · HEI

        2.1.2 坦克

        默认（Default）: HEFI-T · AP-I

        2.1.3 船只

        通用（Universal）: HEFI-T · API-T · API-T

        高爆（20 mm HE belts）: HEFI-T · HEFI-T · HEFI-T · API-T

        穿甲（20 mm AP belts）: API-T · API-T · API-T · HEFI-T

     2.2 与相似机炮对比（未编辑）

3.战斗中的使用（安东教你van游戏）

       20mm MG151由于其薄壳弹在面对空中目标时十分有效（要不是我真的开过109F4我就信了），使得MG 151/20 可以作为最强20mm对空机炮的人选。除非出于特定原因要使用其他弹药，（最好）永远使用薄壳弹最多的弹链。

    The 20 mm MG 151 is very dangerous against air targets due to the Minengeschoß shell, which makes the MG 151/20 arguably the best 20 mm cannon against air targets. Unless other ammunition is needed for a specific reason, always choose the ammo belt with most Minengeschoß available.

       在使用“对空”弹链时，大约需要一个20~30发的短点射去击落一架通常的战斗机，30~50发去击落一架重战或者对地打击机，100~150发去击落一架重型轰炸机。由于机炮的高射速，在没有精确瞄准的情况下很容易在你尝试拿下敌方单位之前打光你的所有弹药，尤其是在没有机炮吊舱的加持下。因此，为了更好的效果，MG151/20将会经常需要“扳机纪律”（大意指忍住不开枪等待更好的射击窗口），在一次出击中合理地节省弹药足以成为王牌。

    With "air targets" belt, it usually take a short burst of 20 - 30 rounds to take down an average fighter, 30 - 50 rounds for a heavy fighter or a ground attack aircraft, and 100 - 150 rounds for a heavy bomber. Due to the gun's fast rate of fire, however, it is quite easy to empty all of the ammo before you managed to finish the targets without proper aiming, especially without the help of gun pods. Thus, the MG 151 will often requires trigger discipline for better results, with an ace being achieveable（译注：疑为achievable） in a single sortle（译注：疑为sortie） with a proper ammo conservation.

       尽管MG151/20的这些特征十分出色，由于白板状态表现不尽人意，它也声名狼藉（你还知道这白板弹链不是给人玩的啊），出于其白板弹链只有四分之一的薄壳弹，而其他炮弹则是几乎无用的燃烧弹，类似于可以在西斯帕诺机炮上找到的训练弹，同时APHE弹会经常过度击穿敌人的机身而因此不会爆炸的事实。因此，最好把白板MG151/20看做一挺大号机枪。进行长点射来获得更多薄壳弹命中敌人的机会直到更多弹链可用。（bvvd逼你氪金跳白板）

    However, despite the MG 151's stellar characteristics, the gun is also infamous due to its poor stock performances. Owning to the fact that only 1/4 of its stock belt contains the "Minengeschoß" round, while the other rounds were a near-useless incendiary shell with a performance akin to that of a practice shell found on the Hispano autocannons, as well as a poor APHE rounds that often over-penetrates the enemy airframe and thus were unable not（译注：疑似多余） detonate. Due to this, it is best to treat the stock MG 151 like an oversized heavy machine guns. Firing a long burst to get more chance of hitting the enemy with Minengeschoß rounds until the upgraded belts is available.

4.优点和缺点

    4.1优点

    1.薄壳弹（一种改进的高爆燃烧弹）提供了强劲的对空火力

    Minengeschoß shell (an improved HEI shell) provides a lot of hitting power against aircraft

    2.相比其他德国20mm机炮更多的弹药量

    Larger ammo count than the other German 20 mm cannons

    3.相比其他德国20mm机炮更快的炮弹初速

    Higher muzzle velocity than the other German 20 mm cannons

    4.更快的射速以及相比同盟国的西斯帕诺机炮更低的卡壳概率

    Faster firing and less prone to jamming than the Allied Hispano variants

    4.2 缺点

    1.由于燃烧弹和APHE的低效性，其白板弹链的不可靠众所周知

    Its stock belt is notoriously unreliable due to the ineffective incendiary and APHE shell

    2.相比其他机炮，炮弹初速仍然较慢

    Still lower muzzle velocity compared to most machine guns

    3.在对抗装甲目标时效果较差，即使你用的是APHE弹

    Ineffective against armoured ground targets, even with APHE shells

    4.曳光弹和薄壳弹弹道略有不同，这强调了对于弹药的理解

    Tracer and HEI (Minengeschoß) have slightly different trajectories which reiterate knowing your ammunition

5.历史

       MG151最初为一个15mm弹药且小到足够安装在V-12发动机的气缸之间且能提供比同盟国对手20mm机炮更高的初速的机炮项目而研发。但是，在1941年，德国发现，在空战中，爆炸冲击的毁伤比高速更重要。因此，在1941年，MG151被改膛以发射一种基于MG FF所使用的20mm弹药，但是缩口和更长的壳体意味着此次修改多半包含了改变枪管。MG151被装备在Bf 109 F-4上，一直是二战德国的主力战斗机机炮之一，而且被出口至多个轴心国国家，比如说装备在了日本的三式战一型丙，意大利的Re.2005（0批次）和罗马尼亚的IAR-81C战斗机上。

    The MG 151 was originally developed for a 15 mm cartridge which was small enough to fit between the cylinder banks of their V-12 aircraft engines and offered a higher velocity compared to the 20 mm cannons of their Allied opponents. However, in 1941, Germany recognized that, in air combat, explosive power was more important than high velocity. As a result, in 1941, the MG-151 was re-chambered to fire a 20 mm shell based on the cartridge used by the MG FF, but necked up and with a longer case body meaning that the conversion mostly involved changing the barrel. The MG 151 was introduced on the Bf 109 F-4, would remain one of the main fighter cannons for Germany during World War II, and would be popularly exported to other nations in the Axis, such as mounting on the Japanese Ki-61-I hei, Italian Re.2005 serie 0, and Romanian IAR-81C fighters.

       但是，德国为MG151研发高爆弹药的尝试成为了其受冷落的开始。其薄壳弹在对抗同盟国重型轰炸机时效果欠佳，需要15~20次命中去击落，而30mm机炮如MK103则仅需要3~4发。因此，MK103和它短管的表弟MK108开始替代MG151，在战争临近结束时成为德国空军的主力机炮，而MG151/20则被德国国防军改装为防空武器以升级其装备MG151/15的Sd.Kfz.251/21。战后，MG151被法国空军和法国陆军航空兵使用。以固定机炮或旋回机炮的形式，MG151被装备在多种法国战机上，包括如H-21C“驮马”和在阿尔及利亚使用的H-34直升机。而旋回机炮的变种则加装了隔热套以保护射手的双手。MG151也被装备在葡萄牙和罗德西亚版本的SA316B“云雀III”上，以及一个在南非丹尼尔公司制造的名为“维克托GA-1”的变种。

    However, Germany's attempt to make an explosive shell for the MG 151 became its downfall. The Minengeschoß (Mine Shell) rounds were ineffective against the Allied heavy bombers taking about 15-20 hits to down one while a 30 mm cannon such as the MK 103 needed only 3 or 4 hits to down. As a result, the MK 103 and its shorter-barrelled cousin the MK 108 began to replace the MG 151 as the Luftwaffe's (German Air Force) main cannon near the end of the war and it was adapted by the Volkssturm (German national militia) for use as an anti-aircraft weapon along with being used to upgrade the 15 mm armed Sd.Kfz.251/21. After the war, the MG 151 was used by the French Armée de l'Air (Air Force) and Aviation légère de l'armée de Terre (Land Army Light Aviation). In both fixed and flexible configurations, the MG 151 was used by the French in multiple aircraft including helicopters such as their H-21C Workhorse and H-34 helicopters used in Algeria. The flexible variants were modified with insulating sleeves to protect the user's hands. The MG 151 was also used in the Portuguese and Rhodesian versions of the SA 316B Alouette III, and a variant of the cannon called the Vektor GA-1 was built by Denel in South Africa.