高中英语语法系列二十直接引语和间接引语

八卦谈佚名 ▪ 2023-10-15 12:53:36

重难点分析

引用别人的话有两种方式，一种是直接引用别人原句，这叫直接引语，要用引号；另一种是用自己的话来转述别人话，且不能用引号，这是间接引语。

一、直接引语和间接引语的区别

直接引语

直接引述别人的话，用双引号(“ ”)

间接引语

转述别人的话，不用双引号

二、直接引语改为间接引语时，如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。遵循下列规律：

在直接引语中

在间接引语中

指示代词

this

that

these

those

时间状语

now

then

today

that day

yesterday

the day before

last week

the week before

tomorrow

the next day

next year

the next year

two days ago

two days before

地点状语

here

there

动词时态

(以work为例)

一般现在时(work)

一般过去时(worked)

现在进行时(is/are working)

过去进行时(was/were working)

现在完成时(have/has worked)

过去完成时(had worked)

一般过去时(worked)

过去完成时(had worked)

(不变) (had worked)

一般将来时(will work)

过去将来时(would work)

动词变化

can/may

could/might

must

had to

come

bring

take

三、各种句型的直接引语改成间接引语时的相应变化

句型

变化要领

例句

陈述句

连接词用that，在口语中可省略

She said, “He will be busy.”→ She said that he would be busy.

一般疑问句

连接词用if或whether，改为陈述语序

She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”

→ She asked Tom if/whether he could help her.

特殊疑问句

用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序

The teacher asked, “How did you repair it?”

→ The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.

祈使句

用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构

The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”

→ The mother asked Tom to get up early.

四、直接引语变间接引语时，几种不变的特殊情况

不变的情况

例句

直接引语是客观真理或谚(习)语

The teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”

→ The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.

被引述的部分是反复出现的、习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在

He said, “We are still students.”

→ He said they are still students.

引语中有明确的表示过去的时间状语，时态不变

He said to me, “I was born in 1998.”

→ He told me that he was born in 1998.

引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变

She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”

→ She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.

引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间状语、时态的形式不变

She says, “I’ll never forget the moment.”

→ She says that she’ll never forget the moment.

五、其他注意事项

1. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell, ask, order, beg等。如：

“Don’t make any noise,” she said to the children. → She told/ordered the children not to make any noise.

2. 直接引语如果是以Let’s开头的祈使句，变间接引语时，常用suggest+动名词(或从句)。如：

He said, “Let’s go to the library.” → He suggested going to the library.

考点练透

一、完成句子 用适当的形容词、副词或用所给词的适当形式填空。

1. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”

→ My father said practice ___________ perfect.

2. The boy said to us, “I usually get up at six every day.”

→ The boy told us he usually ___________ at six every day.

3. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1997.”

→ The engineer said he ___________ at college in 1997.

4. My uncle said, “I sowed my carrot seed yesterday.”

→ My uncle said ______________________ carrot seed _______________.

5. The farmers said, “We picked these cabbages three days ago.”

→ The farmers said that ______________________ cabbages _______________.

6. He asked me, “What’s the weather going to be like tomorrow?”

→ He asked me _________ the weather _____________ to be like _____________.

7. The teacher said to us, “Light travels much faster than sound.”

→ The teacher _________ light __________________________.

8. She said to me, “I have left my fork in your room.”

→ She ______________ that ______________ fork in _____________.

9. He said, “I will come here tonight.”

→ He said that __________________________.

10. “Did you plant rice last week?” he said to us.

→ He _______________ planted rice __________.

11. “Are you ready, children?” asked Mrs. Li.

→ Mrs. Li asked _____________________ ready.

12. “Where is your brother living now?” he asked.

→ He asked ______________ brother ________ living ________.

13. She said, “How many times do you harvest crops every year, Mike?”

→ She asked _______ how many times ___________ crops every year.

14. “Can I borrow this book of yours, Miss Gao?” asked the boy.

→ The boy asked Miss Gao _________ borrow _________ of _________.

15. “How long did it take you to remove the weeds?” he asked the farmers.

→ He asked the farmers how long ____________________ the weeds.

16. “Please have a rest,” the farmer said to us.

→ The farmer ____________________ a rest.

17. One of the students said, “Let me go on with the farm work, Uncle Wang.”

→ One of the students ___________ Uncle Wang _____________ with the farm work.

18. “Don’t take off your blouse,” Lily said to Lucy.

→ Lily asked Lucy __________________ blouse.

19. She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”

→She said that __________________ in five minutes.

20. “You have finished the homework, haven’t you?” my mother asked.

→My mother asked me __________________ the homework.

二、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Dad was always full of advice. One of the biggest lessons he taught me one summer was about having 1 strong work ethic. When my brother and I were growing up, we mowed lawns during the summer 2 (earn) pocket money.

Every time we went to work, my dad was there to watch. I used to wonder 3 he came with us. One day we were cutting our neighbor’s yard. He always waited until the grass was knee-high to call us over. That afternoon, I was finishing the work and was 4 (tire). I was just about to turn off the mower 5 I saw Dad pointing to some grass. I thought about how little I was getting paid for cutting grass so high that it almost broke the mower. I ignored him and kept walking. Dad called me 6 (loud), “You missed a piece.”

I frowned, 7 (hope) he would go home. He kept pointing. So worn and discouraged, I went back to cut that piece of grass. I said to myself, “That one piece isn’t hurting anyone. Why won’t he just let 8 go?”

Other neighbors took notice of the good work that we did and we soon got more business. We started out with one client, but by the end of the summer we had five.

The lesson my dad taught me stayed with me: be 9 (profession). Give your customers the kind of service you would like to receive. It shows how sincere you are and how much pride you take 10 your work.

三、佳作欣赏 下面是一篇摘自全国英语高考书面表达的范文，文中有许多精彩且灵活的语言表达，用心体会其用法。

Nowadays a growing number of teenagers are online for at least 6 hours a day, continuously using the chatting-rooms or tirelessly playing games. Worried parents choose to send their children to so-called “Salvation Training Camp”.

I am strongly against the measures some Salvation Training Camps take to treat the web addicts. Firstly, restriction of personal freedom doesn’t help them to build their self-confidence. Secondly, physical punishments may make the problem more serious.

In my opinion, proper guidance is the best way to cure web addicts. On one hand, they should be guided to use the internet in a healthy way rather than be strictly prohibited from going online. On the other hand, we should try our best to encourage them to distract their attention from the web by instructing them to do some more meaningful things in their spare time. Only by doing this can we cure them thoroughly and effectively.