【简译】温莎城堡(Windsor Castle)

八卦谈佚名 ▪ 2024-04-19 04:26:45

Windsor Castle is located in Berkshire, England, and was built as a motte and bailey castle by William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1087). Converted into stone by Henry II of England (r. 1165-1179), the shell keep tower was rebuilt by Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377). The castle was then added to and modified many times over the centuries.

温莎城堡位于英格兰的伯克郡，由征服者威廉（1066-1087年）建造，是一座城寨城堡(Motte-and-bailey castle，古代欧洲的一种防御工事，它在附近小丘上有一个木制或石头要塞，旁边修筑有一个有围墙的庭院或城寨，周围环绕着保护沟和栅栏。)。英格兰的亨利二世（1165-1179年）将其改建为石制城堡，英格兰的爱德华三世（1327-1377年）重建了防御围墙（环绕在土墩顶部的石头结构）。几个世纪以来，温莎城堡经历了多次改建。

Although experiencing additions and renovations under every new monarch, Windsor Castle still maintains its original plan of a courtyard either side of a central circular tower. Much more than a castle and a palace, the complex includes Saint George's Chapel, the tombs of eleven British monarchs, and a magnificent library and art collection. Windsor Castle is the largest inhabited castle in the world and the official residence of Queen Elizabeth II (1953- ).

尽管在每一位新君主的统治下都进行了扩建和翻修，但温莎城堡仍然保持着它最初的规划，即中央圆塔两侧的庭院。这座建筑群不仅仅是城堡和宫殿，还包括圣乔治教堂、11位英国君主的坟墓，以及一座宏伟的图书馆及丰富的艺术收藏。温莎城堡是世界上最大的有人居住的城堡，也是英国女王伊丽莎白二世（1953-2022）曾经的官方住所。

中世纪历史

Windsor Castle is located in the centre of the town of that name in the county of Berkshire, southern England, some 32 kilometres (20 miles) west of London. The first version of the castle was built by William the Conqueror c. 1070 as a motte and bailey castle overlooking the Thames River, conveniently close to both London and forests for hunting deer. The castle was built using earth and wood to create a raised hill (motte) on top of a steep natural chalk escarpment some 30.5 metres (100 ft.) high and an enclosed area around the base (bailey) formed by a wooden palisade which was itself protected by an outer ditch. Windsor Castle was designed with two baileys (aka wards), one lower and one upper, either side of the motte.

温莎城堡位于英格兰南部伯克郡同名城镇的中心，距伦敦以西约32公里（20英里）。城堡的第一个版本是由征服者威廉在1070年左右建造的，这是一座俯瞰泰晤士河的城堡，离伦敦和狩猎鹿的森林都很近，非常方便。城堡是用土和木头建造的，在陡峭的天然白垩悬崖上建造了一座高耸的山丘（motte），高约30.5米（100英尺），在山脚下形成了一个封闭的城寨（bailey），由一个木制的栅栏保护，本身有一条外沟。温莎城堡被设计成有两个城寨（又称卫兵），一个在下，一个在上，在小山丘的两边。

The wooden tower on top of the motte was rebuilt in stone by Henry II in 1170, thus creating a shell keep, which then became known as the Round Tower. The king also built private royal apartments in the Upper Ward and public and ceremonial spaces such as the Great Hall in the Lower Ward. Henry began converting the curtain wall into stone, too, a task completed by Henry III of England (r. 1216-1272), who added three semi-circular towers, including the Curfew Tower, to the Lower Ward's curtain wall.

1170年，亨利二世用石头重建了位于小山丘顶部的木制塔楼，从而形成了一个城寨式的堡垒，后来被称为圆塔。国王还在上区建造了私人皇家公寓，在下区建造了公共和礼仪场所，如大礼堂。亨利也开始将幕墙改造成石墙，这项任务由英格兰的亨利三世（1216-1272）完成，他在下区的石墙上增加了三个半圆形的塔，包括宵禁塔。

In the 13th century Windsor Castle was besieged during the First Barons' War (1215-1217) by forces loyal to Prince Louis of France (future King Louis IX, r. 1226-1270) who rebel barons wanted to enthrone as a replacement for King John (r. 1199-1216) after he reneged on his promises signed in the Magna Carta. The ultimately unsuccessful siege lasted two months but, in the entire southeast of England, only Dover Castle and Windsor remained in the English king's hands during the war. The castle was besieged again in the same century, but repairs were made by Henry III who made the walls an impressive 7.3 metres (24 ft.) thick in places to better withstand the ever-more-powerful catapults being used in siege warfare. The castle was also equipped with sally-ports and tunnels, which permitted the defenders to leave the castle unseen and surprise attackers from behind. One such sally-port, located beneath the Curfew Tower, survives today virtually intact. Henry III also rebuilt the Lower Ward, adding a bigger chapel there, revamped the Upper Ward's royal apartments - where the apartments for king and queen were separated - and added two more chapels there. As a consequence of all this activity, Henry spent more money on the castle than any of his predecessors.

13世纪，温莎城堡在第一次男爵战争（1215-1217年）期间被忠于法国路易王子（未来的国王路易九世，1226-1270年）的军队围攻，在约翰国王（1199-1216年）违背了他在《大宪章》中签署的承诺后，反叛的男爵们想让路易登基，取代约翰的地位。不成功的围攻最终持续了两个月，但在整个英格兰东南部，只有多佛尔城堡和温莎城堡在战争期间仍掌握在英格兰国王的手中。城堡在同一世纪再次被围攻，但亨利三世对其进行了修缮，他将城墙的部分厚度增加到令人印象深刻的7.3米（24英尺），以更好地抵御攻城战中使用的越来越强大的投石器。城堡还配备了伸缩口和隧道，允许守军在无人察觉的情况下离开城堡，并从背后偷袭攻击者。位于宵禁塔下的一个伸缩口，几乎完好无损地保存至今。亨利三世还重建了下区，在那里修建了一个更大的教堂，改造了上区的皇家居室，国王和王后的居室被分开，并在那里又增加了两个小教堂。亨利在城堡上花费的钱比他的任何一位前任都多。

Windsor Castle was now well-established as a primary royal residence and hosted a great tournament in 1278, the vast list of supplies for which are recorded in a fascinating medieval record, the Windsor Tournament Roll. Another great medieval tournament, this time involving 200 knights, was held at the castle in 1344.

温莎城堡被确立为主要的皇室住所，并在1278年举办了一次伟大的锦标赛，其庞大的物资清单被记录在一份迷人的中世纪记录中，即温莎锦标赛卷。1344年，另一场伟大的中世纪锦标赛也在这座城堡举行，这次涉及200名骑士。

An extensive and wildly expensive building and remodelling project was next overseen by Edward III of England in the second half of the 14th century. The Round Tower was rebuilt, the large double-towered gatehouse was added (1357-1359, and now called the Norman Gateway) as an entrance to the Upper Ward, and the castle generally made more comfortable as a royal residence with private apartments. Built in the Gothic style, the Upper Ward was remodelled around three courts while the Lower Ward was given extra accommodation for members of the king's new chivalric order, the Order of the Garter (see below), and the chapel there, in keeping with the order's patron saint, was renamed Saint George's Chapel. Crenellations were added, but these were now only ornamental, the first such use of military design features in English domestic architecture. The whole project cost Edward a massive 50,000 pounds (over $70 million today), more than any medieval English monarch ever spent on a single building.

14世纪下半叶，英格兰的爱德华三世监督了一个广泛而昂贵的建筑和改造项目。重建圆塔，并添加了大型双塔门楼（1357-1359年，现在被称为诺曼门），作为通往上层区的入口，城堡作为皇家住宅与私人公寓变得更加舒适。以哥特式风格建造的上区围绕着三个庭院进行了改造，而下区则为国王的新骑士团成员提供了额外的住所，即嘉德勋章骑士团（见下文），那里的小教堂为了与骑士团的守护神保持一致，被重新命名为圣乔治教堂。还增加了垛口(Battlement)，但这些垛口只是装饰性的，这是英国国内建筑中第一次使用军事设计特征。整个项目花费了爱德华5万英镑（今天超过7000万美元），比任何一位中世纪英国君主在一座建筑上的花费都要多。

The early 15th century saw the castle receive one of its more famous prisoners, James I of Scotland (r. 1406-1437), captured at sea in 1405 and interned, albeit in relative comfort, in one of the towers for 11 years. During the second reign of Edward IV of England (r. 1461-70 & 1471-1483) the old Saint George's Chapel was converted into a lady chapel (and then converted again into a memorial for Prince Albert by Queen Victoria). The new Saint George's chapel was begun by Edward and completed during the reign of Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509). As the medieval period closed, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547) then added the Lower Ward gatehouse that today bears his name and which stands opposite Saint George's chapel.

15世纪初，城堡收到了一个著名的囚犯，苏格兰的詹姆斯一世（1406-1437），1405年在海上被俘，并被关押，在其中一个塔楼里呆了11年，尽管这里相对舒适。在英格兰爱德华四世（1461-70年和1471-1483年）第二次统治期间，老的圣乔治教堂被改造成了一个圣母教堂（后来维多利亚女王又把它改造成了阿尔伯特王子的纪念馆）。新的圣乔治小教堂由爱德华时期开始建造，并在英格兰亨利七世（1485-1509年）统治期间完成。随着中世纪的结束，英格兰的亨利八世（1509-1547年）增加了今天以他的名字命名的下区门楼，它矗立在圣乔治小教堂的对面。

圣乔治教堂

Originally built in the 14th century and remodelled in the 15th century in the style known as Perpendicular Gothic, Saint George's chapel is the greatest surviving example of medieval architecture in the castle today and one of the finest castle chapels anywhere. The chapel's east doors were originally made for the now lost King's Chapel built by Henry III in the Upper Ward; the gilded ironwork signed by the smith Gilebertus against the scarlet gesso background makes for a striking entrance. The chapel's most stunning feature, though, is its distinctive fan vaulting ceiling, rendered in stone and added in 1475. Down below, there are the magnificent and intricately carved oak choir stalls (1478-85). The chapel contains the royal tombs within which were interred 11 monarchs, including Henry VIII and Charles I (1625-1649). Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901), on the other hand, lies in her mausoleum at Frogmore House within the castle's grounds. The horseshoe-shaped court of the chapel has cloisters and accommodation for members of its clergy and choir. Saint George's Chapel is a Royal Peculiar, which is to say it is subject to the monarch and is not part of any diocese.

圣乔治教堂最初建于14世纪，在15世纪以被称为垂直哥特式的风格进行了改造，是今天城堡中现存的最大的中世纪建筑范例，也是世界各地最好的城堡教堂之一。教堂的东门最初是为亨利三世在上区建造的现已失传的国王礼拜堂制作的；在猩红的石膏背景下，由铁匠吉斯勒贝尔特签名的镀金铁制品使其成为一个引人注目的入口。不过，教堂最令人惊叹的是它独特的扇形拱顶，那是在1475年用石头铺设的。在下面，还有宏伟的、雕刻精致的橡木唱诗班席位（1478-85）。教堂里有皇家陵墓，里面埋葬了11位君主，包括亨利八世和查理一世（1625-1649）。另一方面，维多利亚女王（1837-1901年）则躺在城堡内浮若阁摩尔宫的陵墓中。教堂的马蹄形庭院有回廊和神职人员和唱诗班成员的住宿。圣乔治教堂是一个皇家专用教堂，也就是说，它受制于君主，不属于任何教区。

骑士团

Around 1348 Edward III created a new chivalric order, The Most Noble Order of the Garter which is the highest order of knighthood in Britain and the most exclusive with traditionally only 24 knights as full members at any one time, along with the reigning British monarch and the Prince of Wales. The order's headquarters and host of its annual gathering is Saint George's Chapel. In the medieval period, and in keeping with chivalric ideals, the castle also hosted 26 'poor knights' who were given free clothes, food, and lodgings there.

大约在1348年，爱德华三世创建了一个新的骑士团，即最尊贵的嘉德勋章骑士团，这是英国级别最高的骑士团，也是最独特的骑士团，传统上任何时候都只有24名骑士是正式成员，还有在位的英国君主和威尔士王子。骑士团的总部和年度聚会的举办地是圣乔治教堂。在中世纪时期，为了保持骑士精神的理想，该城堡还接纳了26名“贫穷骑士”，他们在那里得到免费的衣服、食物和住宿。

Every year on a Monday afternoon in mid-June (previously on Saint George's Day in April), a magnificent procession of members and retainers in full regalia maintains the traditions of medieval pomp and pageantry as they walk from Saint George's Hall to the Chapel. If there are to be any new knights invested in the order, there is a morning service in the castle's Throne Room. The coat of arms of a member, which may have to be created by the Royal College of Arms if the holder does not yet have one, is hung in Saint Georges' Chapel above that member's private stall.

每年6月中旬的一个星期一下午（以前是4月的圣乔治日），由成员和家臣组成的华丽的游行队伍身着盛装，从圣乔治厅走到教堂，保持着中世纪的盛况和庆典传统。如果有新的骑士加入骑士团，就会在城堡的王座厅举行晨祷。成员的纹章，如果持有者还没有纹章的话，可能需要由皇家纹章学院制作，悬挂在圣乔治礼拜堂该成员的私人座位上方。

后来的历史

The castle saw many significant changes after the medieval period. William I built his castle on rented land from a fellow Norman noble but the monarchy did finally buy the castle outright in 1546. A century later, the very fact that the castle was a royal property led to the victorious Parliamentarians looting Saint George's Chapel and the royal apartments following the English Civil War (1642-1651). The Upper Ward was used as a prison for royalists and the Windsor Great Park was sold off in parcels, amongst other indignities suffered by the castle. Following the Restoration of the monarchy (1660), Charles II of England (r. 1660-1685) was the next ruler with big building plans, and he added new apartments in the baroque style to the Upper Ward. Charles also created a 4 km (2.5 miles) walk lined with elms from which to admire the castle at a distance.

城堡在中世纪时期后发生了许多重大变化。威廉一世在一个诺曼底贵族同伴租来的土地上建造了他的城堡，但君主最终在1546年直接购买了城堡。一个世纪后，城堡是皇家财产这一事实导致了胜利的议会议员在英国内战（1642-1651）后抢劫了圣乔治教堂和皇家公寓。上区被用作保皇党人的监狱，温莎大公园被分块出售。在君主政体恢复后（1660年），英格兰的查尔斯二世（1660-1685年）是下一个有大型建筑计划的统治者，他在上区增加了巴洛克风格的新公寓。查尔斯还建造了一条4公里（2.5英里）的步行道，两旁都是榆树，从这里可以远距离欣赏城堡。

In the 17th century, some of the apartments within the castle were opened to the public for the first time, and the very first guide book was published in 1749. In the 19th century, the castle was restored by George III (r. 1760-1820), who notably created the Garter Throne Room and restored Saint George's Chapel. Then George IV (r. 1820-1830) increased the height of the Round Tower by one storey, rebuilt the private apartments in the neo-Gothic style and added the castle's now main entrance, the George IV Gate. Largely completed by 1835, Queen Victoria spent more time at the castle than any other residence. Indeed, one of her popular nicknames was the 'Widow of Windsor' following the death of her husband Prince Albert, whom she had met for the first time at the castle in 1839.

在17世纪，城堡内的一些公寓首次向公众开放，而第一本导游书也于1749年出版。19世纪，乔治三世（1760-1820年）对城堡进行了修复，特别是创建了吊环王座厅，并修复了圣乔治教堂。乔治四世（1820-1830年）将圆塔的高度增加了一层，以新哥特式风格重建了私人公寓，并增加了城堡现在的主入口——乔治四世门。到1835年基本完成，维多利亚女王在城堡里呆的时间比任何其他住所都多。事实上，她的一个流行的绰号是“温莎的寡妇”（在她的丈夫阿尔伯特王子去世后），她于1839年在城堡里第一次见到阿尔伯特王子。

During the First World War (1914-1918) the German links of the British Royal family, then known as the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, were carefully played down, and one notable change was, from 17 July 1917, to adopt the name Windsor, after the castle. Later in the century, King Edward VIII of England (r. Jan-Dec 1936) famously made his abdication speech from the castle. The ex-king's partner Wallis Simpson was made Duchess of Windsor and both would be buried in the royal tombs of the castle. The castle, fortunately, survived the bombings of the Second World War (1939-1945) when many artworks were removed for safekeeping and an air-raid shelter was added to the basement of the Brunswick Tower. Conversely, some treasures were brought to Windsor for safety such as the most precious stones from the Crown Jewels like the Black Prince's Ruby, buried in the castle grounds inside a biscuit tin.

在第一次世界大战期间（1914-1918年），英国皇室（当时称为萨克森-科堡-哥达家族）与德国的联系被小心翼翼地淡化，一个值得注意的变化是，从1917年7月17日起，采用“温莎”以命名城堡。本世纪晚些时候，英国国王爱德华八世（1936年1月至12月在位）在城堡里发表了著名的退位演讲。这位前国王的伴侣华里丝·辛普森被任命为温莎公爵夫人，两人都被埋葬在城堡的皇家陵墓中。幸运的是，该城堡在第二次世界大战（1939-1945）的轰炸中幸存下来，当时许多艺术品被移走保存，并在布伦瑞克塔的地下室增加了一个防空洞。相反，一些珍宝被带到了温莎，以确保安全，如黑王子的红宝石等王室珠宝中最珍贵的宝石，被藏在城堡内的一个饼干罐里。

如今的城堡

Windsor Castle covers some 13 acres (5.2 hectares) and, the official residence of Queen Elizabeth II, it is the largest inhabited castle in the world. The royal court usually stays in the castle from April to June, but more permanent residents, in what resembles more a fortified village than a castle, include the Constable, governor, the knights of Windsor and their families, and a Household Regiment battalion (aka 'the Guards'). Windsor is also home to a huge art collection and the Royal Library. Fine artworks which have their home here include An Old Woman by Rembrandt (c. 1609), Holy Family with Saint Francis by Rubens (c. 1630), Charles I in Three Positions by Van Dyck (c. 1635), as well as numerous works by Canaletto, countless other paintings and a remarkable collection of drawings by such renowned artists as Michelangelo, Albrecht Dürer, and Leonardo Da Vinci.

温莎城堡占地约13英亩（5.2公顷），曾是女王伊丽莎白二世的官邸，是世界上最大的有人居住的城堡。女王通常在4月至6月期间呆在城堡里，但更多的永久居民，在这个与其说是城堡不如说是坚固的村庄里，包括警卫员、城堡负责人、温莎骑士及其家人，以及一个家庭团营（又称'卫队'）。温莎也是一个巨大的艺术收藏品和皇家图书馆的所在地。收藏在这里的精美艺术品包括伦勃朗的《老妇人》（约1609年）、彼得·保罗·鲁本斯的《神圣家族与圣弗朗西斯》（约1630年）、安东尼·范戴克的《查理一世的三重画像》（约1635年），以及吉奥瓦尼·安东尼奥·卡纳尔（加纳莱托）的众多作品，还有米开朗基罗、阿尔布雷希特·丢勒和达芬奇等著名艺术家的无数画作和非凡的绘画收藏。

On 20 November 1992 tragedy struck when a fire, perhaps caused by a spotlight igniting a curtain, began in the Private Chapel. The fire raged for 15 hours and spread to destroy the north-east corner of the Upper Ward, gutting the Grand Reception Room and Saint George's Hall where state banquets were (and still are) held in alternation with Buckingham Palace. Fortunately, most damaged rooms were empty at the time as they were undergoing rewiring work so that surprisingly few artworks were lost. One of the bright spots of the disaster was the discovery that the two-storey Great Kitchen with its enormous fireplaces, when cleared of several covering buildings, was in fact mostly a 14th-century original and not, as previously thought, a much more modern addition. The building is one of the oldest still-in-use kitchens in the world. Extensive repairs and restoration work were carried out throughout the castle, which was all completed by 1997. The castle then regained its role in state ceremonies and once more faced the international limelight in May 2018 when St. Georges' Chapel hosted the live televised wedding of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and Miss Meghan Markle, Duchess of Sussex.

1992年11月20日，悲剧发生了，也许是聚光灯点燃了窗帘，私人礼拜堂起火了。大火肆虐了15个小时，并蔓延到上层房的东北角，烧毁了大接待室和圣乔治厅，在那里，国宴曾经（现在仍在）与白金汉宫交替举行。幸运的是，当时大多数受损的房间都是空的，因为它们正在进行重新布线工作，所以令人惊讶的是，很少有艺术品丢失。这场灾难的一个亮点是，两层楼高的大厨房及其巨大的壁炉，在清除了几个覆盖建筑后，实际上大部分是14世纪的原物，而不是像以前认为的那样，是一个更现代的附加物。该建筑是世界上最古老的仍在使用的厨房之一。整个城堡进行了广泛的维修和恢复工作，到1997年全部完成。随后，城堡重新恢复了其在国家仪式中的作用，并在2018年5月，圣乔治教堂举办了苏塞克斯公爵哈里王子和苏塞克斯公爵夫人梅根小姐的电视直播婚礼，再次面临国际社会的关注。